Contents
References are to paragraph numbers
- The Steering Report:
- Chapter I: The working context
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- Introduction: 1–2
- Growth of motor traffic: 3
- Social and economic influences: 4–8
- Nature of present difficulties: 9–10
- Frustration in the use of vehicles: 11–14
- Accidents: 15–21
- Deterioration of environment: 22
- Safety: 23
- Noise: 24–28
- Fumes and smell: 29–31
- Other environmental difficulties: 32
- How serious are these effects?: 33–35
- The future of the motor vehicle - Introduction: 36–37
- Individual air travel: 38
- Other possibilities: 39
- The need for study of transport methods: 40
- Advantages of a ground-based individual machine: 41–42
- The future growth of traffic : 43
- Increase in the numbers of vehicles: 44–47
- Increase in traffic: 48–50
- An urgent situation: 51
- The increase of private mobility: 52–53
- The form of urban areas : 54
- Influence of the motor vehicle towards dispersal: 55–56
- Population growth and the need for redeployment: 57–58
- Importance of the study of movement: 59
- A small island: 60
- Dangers of sprawl and the virtues of compactness: 61
- A problem of design: 63
- What sort of towns: 64–66
- How ambitious? 67
- Chapter II: The theoretical basis
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- Introduction: 68–70
- The nature of urban traffic: 71
- Traffic a function of activities: 72–73
- Essential and optional traffic: 74
- The problem of through traffic: 75–79
- Town traffic-a function of buildings: 80–83
- Journey to Work: 84
- Movement within town centres: 88
- Road versus rail for town traffic: 89
- The essence of the problem – the inherited urban road system: 90–92
- Accessibility: 93
- Environment: 94–95
- Pedestrian movement: 96
- The Conflict: 97–98
- A working theory: introduction: 99
- The basic principle: 100–101
- Relationship between environmental areas and networks: 101–102
- Characteristics of networks: 104–112
- Characteristics-of-environmental-areas: 113
- Size: 114–115
- Three variables: 116–117
- Traffic architecture: 118–120
- The need for comprehensive redevelopment: 121
- Residential areas: 122–125
- Environmental Standards: 126–128
- Environmental capacity of streets: 129–132
- Pedestrians and vehicles: 133
- Conclusion: 136
- Chapter III: Practical studies – Part one: A small town – Newbury
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- Introduction: 137–139
- Part One: A small town: 140–141
- Situation of Newbury: 142
- The main movements: 143
- The work journeys: 144
- Mode of travel: 146
- Peak hour flows: 147
- Accessibility: 148
- Environment: 149
- Future increase of traffic: 150
- Basis of design: 153–154
- Environmental areas: 155
- Cyclists: 156–157
- Radial roads: 158
- The new network: 159–160
- The town centre: 161–163
- Objectives: 163
- Minimum redevelopment: 164–165
- Partial redevelopment: 166
- Comprehensive redevelopment: 167
- A restricted network: 168–171
- Costs and benefits of the alternative schemes: 172
- Conclusions: 173–175
- Chapter III: Practical studies – Part two: A large town – Leeds
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- Introduction: 176
- Objectives: 177
- The city at present: 178–183
- The main future movements: 184–185
- Journeys to work: 186–194
- Shopping journeys: 190–194
- Industrial, commercial and business journeys: 195–201
- Summary of traffic movements: 202
-
The Primary Network:
Theoretical network for full car ownership and use: 203–205 - A minimum network: 206–207
- An intermediate network: 208–214
- Environmental areas: 215
- Shortcomings of the existing network: 216
- The theoretical intermediate network adapted: 217–218
- The central area: 219–220
- Peak hour generation and parking: 221–225
- The central area network: 226–228
- The central area design: 229–231
- Environmental management: 232
- The first study-Allerton: 233–236
- The second study-Headingley: 237–244
- Conclusion: 245
- Chapter III: Practical studies - Part three: A historic town – Norwich
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- Part three: A historic town – Norwich: 246
- Description of the city: 247–251
- Vehicular traffic: 252–256
- Pedestrian movement: 257–258
- Traffic and environment: 259–263
- Traffic and accessibility: 264–266
- The present position summarised: 267–268
- The basis for planning: 269
- The potential increase of traffic: 270
- A problem of environmental management: 271–272
- The primary network: 273–276
- Siting the 'barriers': 277–285
- Car parking: 286
- Pedestrian areas: 287
- Conclusion: 288–289
- Chapter III: Practical studies – Part four: A central metropolitan block – central London
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- Part Four: central metropolitan block: Introduction 290
- The study area: 291
- Main activities: 292
- Land use and density: 293
- Special characteristics of the area: 294
- Present traffic difficulties: 295
- Present parking capacity: 296
- Conflict between traffic and environment: 297–298
- Other problems: 299
- Full use of cars: 300
- Assumptions regarding the network: 301
- Location: 302
- Capacity: 303
- The ‘module’ of the network: 304
- Alternative arrangements of the grid: 305–309
- Accumulation of traffic from a series of areas: 310
- Obectives of the studies: 311–312
- The first study: complete redevelopment: 313
- Land use and accommodation: 314–315
- Densities: 316
- Choice of the network grid: 317
- Allocation of the permissible generation: 318–322
- Arrangement of internal distributors: 323
- Levels: 324–327
- Alternative forms for the parking space: 328–330
- The design for complete redevelopment: 331–334
- Conclusion: 335
- The second study: partial redevelopment: 336
- The network grid: 337
- Land use and accommodation: 338
- Allocation of permissible generation: 339–340
- general-form-of-redevelopment: 341
- Arrangement of internal distributors: 342
- Plot ratio: 343
- The design for partial redevelopment: 344
- Oxford Street: 345–346
- Redevelopment in stages: 347–352
- The need for redevelopment in large sections: 353
- The third study: minimum redevelopment: 354
- Assumptions regarding through traffic: 355
- Environmental areas: 356
- Local distribution: 357
- Oxford Street: 358–359
- The plan for minimum redevelopment: 360
- Traffic capacity: 361
- Access to buildings: 362
- Allocation of the parking places: 363–365
- Conclusion: 366
- The fourth study: piecemeal redevelopment: 367–370
- General conclusion of the four studies: 371
- Chapter IV: Some lessons from current practice
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- Some lessons from current practice – introduction: 372
- Britain: The New Towns: 373–375
- ‘Second generation’ New Towns-Cumbernauld: 376–380
- Hook: 381–383
- Basingstoke: 384–387
- The bombed cities: 388–391
- Coventry: 392–396
- The Development Plans: 397–401
- Europe – West Germany: 402–408
- Stockholm: 409–411
- Venice: 412–417
- The United States: 418–421
- Los Angeles: 422–424
- The freeways: 425–427
- Consideration of Urban form: 428–429
- The transportation studies: 430–431
- Central areas: 432–435
- The lesser impact of traffic: 436–438
- Conclusions: 439–440
- Chapter V: General conclusions
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- A beneficial invention: 441
- A two-fold problem: 442
- The basic principle: 443
- A question of investment: 444
- Traffic and development plans: 445
- Static or expanding towns: 446
- Rearrangement of land uses: 447
- Planned co-ordination of transport: 448
- Transportation plans: 449–451
- Parking policy: 452–456
- Public transport and private cars: 457
- Peak periods: 458–459
- Factors affecting the amount of optional peak period traffic: 460–462
- The scale of the primary roads: 463–464
- Aesthetic treatment of primary roads: 465
- Historic towns: 466
- Environmental management: 467–469
- Basis for an integrated policy: 470–471
- Comprehensive redevelopment: 472–474
- Development control: 475
- Grant systems: 476–478
- Professional collaboration: 479
- Further research required: 480
- A sixth sense required: 481
- The creative opportunity: 482
- Appendices
-
- Appendix I: The environmental capacity of streets: 1
- Residential access streets: 3–18
- Non-residential access streets: 19
- West End Lane, Hampstead: 20–28
- Ben Jonson Road, Stepney: 29–32
- Cornwall Street, Plymouth: 33–36
- Dean Street, Soho: 37–38
- Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster: 39–45
- Southwark Street, London: 46–51
- Appendix 2: Cost-benefit analysis and accessibility and environment: 1–4
- The role of cost-benefit analysis: 5–8
- The costs: 9–11
- The benefits: 12–13
- Crude capacity: 14–15
- Accessibility: 16–21
- Environment: 22–27
- Environmental accessibility: 28
- Analysis of cost and benefits: 29–33
- Conclusion: 34–37
- Glossory
- Acknowledgements
Traffic in towns
Dust jacket introduction
The problems posed by the rapid growth of motor traffic are amongst the most baffling which face modern society, especially in the crowded conditions of towns. No country in the world yet seems to have found the answers. This volume contains the reports of the Steering and Working Groups set up in 1961 by the Minister of Transport to study the subject. They attempt to foresee the full development of motor transport, to discern the problems arising, and to show what in principle can be done about them. The Reports show that the planning of roads and parking facilities is quite inseparable from the planning of the activities which cause traffic to flow.
Case studies of Newbury, Leeds, Norwich and a part of London are included to show how the principles evolved in the Working Group's Report can be applied to different kinds and sizes of locality. ‘Traffic in Towns’ is not intended solely for persons working professionally in the field of transport and urban redevelopment. The Reports, though dealing with highly complicated issues, are written in terms that the layman can follow, because public understanding of these problems will be of the greatest importance if successful policies are to be found.